{"id":167,"date":"2019-05-02T06:26:28","date_gmt":"2019-05-02T06:26:28","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/magazine.diabetesasia.org\/?p=167"},"modified":"2025-04-25T10:56:02","modified_gmt":"2025-04-25T05:26:02","slug":"what-is-diabetes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.diabetesasia.org\/magazine\/what-is-diabetes\/","title":{"rendered":"What is Diabetes?"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2><strong>What is Diabetes?<\/strong><\/h2>\n<figure style=\"width: 370px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cdn.pixabay.com\/photo\/2019\/11\/03\/20\/33\/raspberry-4599580_960_720.jpg?resize=370%2C236&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Raspberry, Sugar, Spoon, Meal, Cute, Fruit, Food, Diet\" width=\"370\" height=\"236\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diabetes and Diseases<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong>Diabetes<\/strong> is a <strong><em>disease<\/em><\/strong>that occurs when your blood glucose, also called blood sugar, is too high. Blood glucose is your primary energy source and comes from your food. Insulin, a hormone made by the pancreas, helps glucose from food get into your cells to be used for energy.<\/p>\n<p><strong>What is Diabetes?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Sometimes your body doesn\u2019t make enough or doesn\u2019t use <a href=\"https:\/\/www.endocrineweb.com\/conditions\/type-1-diabetes\/what-insulin\">i<\/a>nsulin well. Glucose then stays in your <span style=\"color: #000000;\">blood and doesn\u2019t reach your cells. <\/span>Over time, having too much glucose in your blood can cause\u00a0health problems. Although diabetes has no cure, you can take steps to\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diabetes_management\">manage your diabetes<\/a> and stay healthy.<\/p>\n<p><strong>What is Diabetes?<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2><\/h2>\n<figure style=\"width: 321px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cdn.pixabay.com\/photo\/2017\/09\/06\/20\/36\/blood-collection-2722940_960_720.jpg?resize=321%2C214&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Blood Draw, Blood, Injection, Medicine, Disease, Sugar\" width=\"321\" height=\"214\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">insulin<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Sometimes people call diabetes <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hempsteadmedicalgroup.com\/index.php\/service\/diabetes\/#:~:text=Diabetes%20Q%20%26%20A&amp;text=Although%20diabetes%20has%20no%20cure,case%20of%20diabetes%20is%20serious.\">\u201c<\/a>a touch of sugar\u201d or \u201cborderline diabetes.\u201d These terms suggest that someone doesn\u2019t have diabetes or has a less severe case, but every case of diabetes is serious.<\/p>\n<h2>SYMPTOMS OF DIABETES<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Excessive thirst and hunger<\/li>\n<li>Frequent urination<\/li>\n<li>Weight loss or grain<\/li>\n<li>Fatigue<\/li>\n<li>Irritability<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Blurred vision<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Slow-healing wounds<\/li>\n<li>Nausea<\/li>\n<li>Skin infections<\/li>\n<li>Breath odor that is fruity sweet or on acetone odor<\/li>\n<li>Feeling very thirsty<\/li>\n<li>Feeling very hungry even<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Though you are eating<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Extreme fatigue<\/li>\n<li>Blurry vision<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div id=\"mw-content-text\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\" dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">\n<div class=\"mw-parser-output\">\n<div class=\"hatnote navigation-not-searchable\" role=\"note\">Not to be confused with\u00a0Diabetes insipidus.<\/div>\n<table class=\"infobox\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th colspan=\"2\"><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\"><\/th>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\"><\/th>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\"><\/th>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">Complications<\/th>\n<td>Diabetic ketoacidosis,\u00a0hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state,\u00a0heart disease,\u00a0stroke,\u00a0chronic kidney failure,\u00a0foot ulcers,\u00a0cognitive impairment,\u00a0gastroparesis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">Risk factors<\/th>\n<td><b>Type 1<\/b>:\u00a0Family history<br \/>\n<b>Type 2<\/b>:\u00a0Obesity, lack of exercise,\u00a0genetics<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">Diagnostic method<\/th>\n<td>High\u00a0blood sugar<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">Treatment<\/th>\n<td>A healthy\u00a0diet,\u00a0physical exercise<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">Medication<\/th>\n<td>Insulin,\u00a0anti-diabetic medication\u00a0like\u00a0metformin<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">Frequency<\/th>\n<td>463 million (8.8%)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">Deaths<\/th>\n<td>4.2 million (2019)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><b>Diabetes mellitus<\/b>\u00a0(<b>DM<\/b>), commonly known as\u00a0<b>diabetes<\/b>, is a group of\u00a0metabolic disorders\u00a0characterized by a\u00a0high blood sugar level over a prolonged period. Symptoms often include\u00a0frequent.<\/p>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cdn.pixabay.com\/photo\/2017\/03\/09\/16\/53\/diabetes-2130236_960_720.jpg?resize=432%2C259&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Diabetes, Insulin Syringe, Insulin, Injection, Disease\" width=\"432\" height=\"259\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Urination,\u00a0increased thirst, and\u00a0increased appetite.\u00a0If left untreated, diabetes can cause\u00a0many complications.\u00a0Acute\u00a0complications can include\u00a0diabetic ketoacidosis,\u00a0hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, or death. Serious long-term complications include\u00a0cardiovascular disease,\u00a0stroke,\u00a0chronic kidney disease,\u00a0foot ulcers,\u00a0damage to the nerves,\u00a0damage to the eyes,\u00a0and\u00a0cognitive impairment.<\/p>\n<p>Diabetes is due to either the\u00a0pancreas\u00a0not producing enough\u00a0insulin or the body&#8217;s cells not responding correctly to the insulin produced. There are three main types of diabetes mellitus:<\/p>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/images.pexels.com\/photos\/160624\/pregnant-belly-maternal-mother-maternity-160624.jpeg?resize=375%2C561&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Child Touching His Mother Lamb\" width=\"375\" height=\"561\" \/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a title=\"Type 1 diabetes\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Type_1_diabetes\">Type 1 diabetes<\/a> results from the pancreas&#8217; failure to produce enough insulin due to the loss of beta cells. This form was previously referred to as &#8220;insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus&#8221; (IDDM) or &#8220;juvenile diabetes.&#8221; An autoimmune response causes the loss of beta cells.<sup id=\"cite_ref-13\" class=\"reference\">[13]<\/sup>\u00a0The cause of this autoimmune response is unknown.<\/li>\n<li>Type 2 diabetes\u00a0begins with\u00a0insulin resistance, a condition in which cells fail to respond to insulin appropriately. As the disease progresses, a lack of insulin may also develop. This form was previously referred to as &#8220;non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus&#8221; (NIDDM) or &#8220;adult-onset diabetes.&#8221; The most common cause is a combination of excessive body weight\u00a0and\u00a0insufficient exercise.<\/li>\n<li>Gestational diabetes is the third main form and occurs when\u00a0pregnant women\u00a0without a previous history of diabetes develop high blood sugar levels.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Type 1 diabetes must be managed with\u00a0insulin injections. Prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes involve maintaining a\u00a0healthy diet, regular\u00a0physical exercise, an average body weight, and avoiding tobacco use. Type 2 diabetes may be treated with\u00a0medications\u00a0such as\u00a0insulin sensitizers\u00a0with or without insulin.\u00a0Control of\u00a0blood pressure and proper foot and\u00a0eye care is essential for people with the disease. Insulin and some oral medications can cause\u00a0low blood sugar. Weight loss surgery\u00a0in those <img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cdn.pixabay.com\/photo\/2018\/04\/29\/01\/23\/skin-3358873_960_720.jpg?resize=408%2C286&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Skin, Eye, Iris, Blue, Older, Folds, Wrinkled Skin, Man\" width=\"408\" height=\"286\" \/>with\u00a0obesity\u00a0is sometimes an effective measure in those with type 2 diabetes.\u00a0Gestational diabetes usually resolves after the birth of the baby.Keywords: diabetes, glucose, disease, insulin<\/p>\n<p>As of 2019, an estimated 463\u00a0million people had diabetes worldwide (8.8% of the adult population), with<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Type_2_diabetes\"> type 2 diabetes<\/a> making up about 90% of the cases.\u00a0Rates are similar in women and men.\u00a0Trends suggest that rates will continue to rise. Diabetes at least doubles a person&#8217;s risk of early death.\u00a0In 2019, diabetes resulted in approximately 4.2\u00a0million deaths.<sup id=\"cite_ref-IDF2019_10-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diabetes#cite_note-IDF2019-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup> It is the 7th leading cause of death globally.\u00a0The global\u00a0<a title=\"Economic cost\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_cost\">economic cost<\/a> of diabetes-related health expenditure in 2017 was estimated at US$727 billion.\u00a0In the United States, diabetes cost nearly US$327\u00a0billion in 2017. Average medical expenditures among people with diabetes are about 2.3 times higher.<\/p>\n<p><span id=\"Signs_and_symptoms\" class=\"mw-headline\">Signs and symptoms<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<p><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Main_symptoms_of_diabetes.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/01\/Main_symptoms_of_diabetes.svg\/330px-Main_symptoms_of_diabetes.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/01\/Main_symptoms_of_diabetes.svg\/495px-Main_symptoms_of_diabetes.svg.png 1.5x, \/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/01\/Main_symptoms_of_diabetes.svg\/660px-Main_symptoms_of_diabetes.svg.png 2x\" alt=\"\" width=\"330\" height=\"337\" data-file-width=\"1029\" data-file-height=\"1052\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><\/div>\n<p>Overview of the most significant symptoms of diabetes<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>The classic symptoms of untreated diabetes are unintended\u00a0weight loss,\u00a0polyuria\u00a0(increased urination),\u00a0polydipsia\u00a0(increased thirst), and\u00a0polyphagia (increased hunger). Symptoms may develop rapidly (weeks or months) in type 1 diabetes, while they usually develop much more slowly and may be subtle or absent in type 2 diabetes.<\/p>\n<p>Keywords: diabetes, glucose, disease, insulin<\/p>\n<p>Several other signs and symptoms can mark the onset of diabetes although they are not specific to the disease. In addition to the known ones above, they include\u00a0blurred vision,\u00a0headache,\u00a0fatigue, slow\u00a0healing of cuts, and\u00a0itchy skin. Prolonged high blood glucose can cause glucose absorption in the\u00a0lens of the eye, which leads to changes in its shape, resulting in\u00a0vision changes. Long-term vision loss can also be caused by\u00a0diabetic retinopathy. A number of\u00a0skin rashes\u00a0that can occur in diabetes are collectively known as\u00a0diabetic dermadromes.<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Diabetic_emergencies\" class=\"mw-headline\">Diabetic emergencies<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>People (usually with type 1 diabetes) may also experience episodes of\u00a0diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), a metabolic disturbance characterized by nausea, vomiting, and\u00a0abdominal pain, the smell of\u00a0acetone\u00a0on the breath, deep breathing known as\u00a0Kussmaul breathing, and in severe cases a decreased level of consciousness. A rare but equally severe possibility is a hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state\u00a0(HHS), which is more common in type 2 diabetes and is mainly the result of\u00a0dehydration.<\/p>\n<p>Treatment-related\u00a0low blood sugar\u00a0(hypoglycemia) is common in people with type 1 and also type 2 diabetes depending on the medication being used. Most cases are mild and are not considered\u00a0medical emergencies. Effects can range from\u00a0feelings of unease,\u00a0sweating,\u00a0trembling, and increased appetite in mild cases to more serious effects such as\u00a0confusion, changes in behavior such as\u00a0aggressiveness,\u00a0seizures,\u00a0unconsciousness, and (rarely) permanent\u00a0brain damage\u00a0or\u00a0death\u00a0in severe cases.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Verrotti2012_29-0\" class=\"reference\">]<\/sup>\u00a0Rapid breathing, sweating, and cold, pale skin are characteristic of low blood sugar but not definitive. Mild to moderate cases are self-treated by eating or drinking something high in sugar. Severe cases can lead to unconsciousness and must be treated with intravenous glucose or\u00a0injections with glucagon.<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Complications\" class=\"mw-headline\">Complications<\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"hatnote navigation-not-searchable\" role=\"note\">Complications of diabetes<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<p><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Diabetes_complications.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/bc\/Diabetes_complications.jpg\/220px-Diabetes_complications.jpg\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/bc\/Diabetes_complications.jpg\/330px-Diabetes_complications.jpg 1.5x, \/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/bc\/Diabetes_complications.jpg\/440px-Diabetes_complications.jpg 2x\" alt=\"\" width=\"468\" height=\"264\" data-file-width=\"1920\" data-file-height=\"1080\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><\/div>\n<p>Retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy are potential complications of diabetes.<\/p>\n<p>Keywords: diabetes, glucose, disease, insulin<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>All forms of diabetes increase the risk of long-term complications. These typically develop after many years (10\u201320) but maybe the first symptom in those who have otherwise not received a diagnosis before that time.<\/p>\n<p>The major long-term complications relate to damage to\u00a0blood vessels. Diabetes doubles the risk of\u00a0cardiovascular disease and about 75% of deaths in people with diabetes are due to\u00a0coronary artery disease. Other\u00a0macrovascular diseases\u00a0include\u00a0stroke\u00a0and\u00a0peripheral artery disease.<\/p>\n<p>The primary complications of diabetes due to damage in small blood vessels include damage to the eyes, kidneys, and nerves. Damage to the eyes, known as\u00a0diabetic retinopathy, is caused by damage to the blood vessels in the\u00a0retina <img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cdn.pixabay.com\/photo\/2020\/11\/14\/13\/06\/virus-5741636__340.jpg?w=640&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Virus, Pathogen, Antibody, Antibodies\" \/>of the eye and can result in gradual\u00a0vision loss\u00a0and eventual\u00a0blindness. Diabetes also increases the risk of having\u00a0glaucoma,\u00a0cataracts, and other eye problems. It is recommended that people with diabetes visit an\u00a0eye doctor\u00a0once a year.\u00a0Damage to the kidneys, known as\u00a0diabetic nephropathy, can lead to\u00a0tissue scarring,\u00a0urine protein loss, and eventually\u00a0chronic kidney disease, sometimes requiring\u00a0dialysis\u00a0or\u00a0kidney transplantation.\u00a0Damage to the nerves of the body, known as\u00a0diabetic neuropathy, is the most common complication of diabetes.\u00a0The symptoms can include\u00a0numbness,\u00a0tingling, pain, and altered pain sensation, which can lead to damage to the skin.\u00a0Diabetes-related foot problems\u00a0(such as\u00a0diabetic foot ulcers) may occur and can be difficult to treat, occasionally requiring <a title=\"Amputation\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amputation\">amputation<\/a>. Additionally,\u00a0<a title=\"Proximal diabetic neuropathy\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Proximal_diabetic_neuropathy\">proximal diabetic neuropathy<\/a>\u00a0causes painful\u00a0<a title=\"Muscle atrophy\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Muscle_atrophy\">muscle atrophy<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a title=\"Muscle weakness\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Muscle_weakness\">weakness<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>There is a link between\u00a0<a title=\"Cognitive deficit\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cognitive_deficit\">c<\/a>ognitive deficit\u00a0and diabetes. Compared to those without diabetes, those with the disease have a 1.2 to 1.5-fold greater rate of decline in\u00a0cognitive function.\u00a0Having diabetes, especially when on insulin, increases the risk of falls in older people.<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Causes\" class=\"mw-headline\">Causes<\/span><\/h2>\n<table class=\"wikitable\">\n<caption>Comparison of type 1 and type 2 diabetes<\/caption>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Feature<\/th>\n<th>Type 1 diabetes<\/th>\n<th>Type 2 diabetes<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Onset<\/th>\n<td>Sudden<\/td>\n<td>Gradual<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Age at onset<\/th>\n<td>Mostly in children<\/td>\n<td>Mostly in adults<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Body size<\/th>\n<td>Thin or normal<\/td>\n<td>Often\u00a0obese<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Ketoacidosis<\/th>\n<td>Common<\/td>\n<td>Rare<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Autoantibodies<\/th>\n<td>Usually present<\/td>\n<td>Absent<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Endogenous insulin<\/th>\n<td>Low or absent<\/td>\n<td>Normal, decreased<br \/>\nor increased<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Concordance<br \/>\nIn identical twins<\/th>\n<td>50%<\/td>\n<td>90%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Prevalence<\/th>\n<td>~10%<\/td>\n<td>~90%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 384px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cdn.pixabay.com\/photo\/2010\/12\/13\/10\/08\/belly-2354__340.jpg?resize=384%2C256&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Belly, Body, Calories, Diet, Exercise\" width=\"384\" height=\"256\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">GESTATIONAL DIABETES<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Diabetes mellitus is classified into four broad categories:\u00a0type 1 diabetes,\u00a0type 2 diabetes,\u00a0gestational diabetes, and &#8220;other specific types&#8221;.The &#8220;other specific types&#8221; are a collection of a few dozen individual causes.\u00a0Diabetes is a more variable disease than once thought and people may have combinations of forms.\u00a0The term &#8220;diabetes&#8221;, without qualification, refers to diabetes mellitus.<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Type_1\" class=\"mw-headline\">Type 1<\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"hatnote navigation-not-searchable\" role=\"note\">Main article:\u00a0<a title=\"Type 1 diabetes\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Type_1_diabetes\">Type 1 diabetes Keywords: diabetes, glucose, disease, insulin<\/a><\/div>\n<p>Type\u00a01 diabetes is characterized by loss of the insulin-producing\u00a0beta cells\u00a0of the\u00a0pancreatic islets, leading to insulin deficiency. This type can be further classified as\u00a0immune-mediated\u00a0or\u00a0idiopathic. The majority of type 1 diabetes is of an immune-mediated nature, in which a\u00a0T cell-mediated\u00a0autoimmune\u00a0attack leads to the loss of beta cells and thus insulin.\u00a0It causes approximately 10% of diabetes mellitus cases in North America and Europe. Most affected people are otherwise healthy and of a healthy weight when the in onset occurs. Sensitivity and responsiveness to insulin are usually normal, especially in the early stages. Although it has been called &#8220;juvenile diabetes&#8221; due to the frequent onset in children, the majority of individuals living with type 1 diabetes are now adults.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;Brittle&#8221; diabetes, also known as unstable diabetes or labile diabetes, is a term that was traditionally used to describe the dramatic and recurrent swings in\u00a0glucose levels, often occurring for no apparent reason in insulin-dependent diabetes. This term, however, has no biological basis and should not be used.\u00a0Still, type\u00a01 diabetes can be accompanied by irregular and unpredictable high blood sugar levels, and the potential for\u00a0diabetic ketoacidosis\u00a0or serious low blood sugar levels. Other complications include an impaired counterregulatory response to low blood sugar, infection,\u00a0gastroparesis\u00a0(which leads to erratic absorption of dietary carbohydrates), and\u00a0endocrinopathies\u00a0(e.g.,\u00a0Addison&#8217;s disease). These phenomena are believed to occur no more than 1% to 2% of persons with type 1 diabetes.<\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<p><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Type_1_Diabetes_Mellitus.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/d7\/Type_1_Diabetes_Mellitus.jpg\/220px-Type_1_Diabetes_Mellitus.jpg\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/d7\/Type_1_Diabetes_Mellitus.jpg\/330px-Type_1_Diabetes_Mellitus.jpg 1.5x, \/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/d7\/Type_1_Diabetes_Mellitus.jpg\/440px-Type_1_Diabetes_Mellitus.jpg 2x\" alt=\"\" width=\"513\" height=\"289\" data-file-width=\"1920\" data-file-height=\"1080\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><\/div>\n<p>The autoimmune attack in type 1 diabetes.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Type\u00a01 diabetes is partly\u00a0<a title=\"Genetic disorder\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Genetic_disorder\">inherited<\/a>, with multiple genes, including certain\u00a0HLA genotypes, known to influence the risk of diabetes. In genetically susceptible people, the onset of diabetes can be triggered by one or more\u00a0environmental factors,\u00a0such as a\u00a0viral infection or diet. Several viruses have been implicated, but to date, there is no stringent evidence to support this hypothesis in humans. Among dietary factors, data suggest that\u00a0gliadin\u00a0(a protein present in\u00a0gluten) may play a role in the development of type 1 diabetes, but the mechanism is not fully understood. Keywords: diabetes, glucose, disease, insulin<\/p>\n<p>Type 1 diabetes can occur at any age, and a significant proportion is diagnosed during adulthood.\u00a0Latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA) is the diagnostic term applied when type 1 diabetes develops in adults; it has a slower onset than the same condition in children. Given this difference, some use the unofficial term &#8220;type 1.5 diabetes&#8221; for this condition. Adults with LADA are frequently initially misdiagnosed as having type 2 diabetes, based on age rather than the cause.<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Type_2\" class=\"mw-headline\">Type 2<\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"hatnote navigation-not-searchable\" role=\"note\"><a title=\"Type 2 diabetes\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Type_2_diabetes\">Type 2 diabetes<\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/5d\/Type_2_Diabetes_Mellitus.jpg\/220px-Type_2_Diabetes_Mellitus.jpg\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/5d\/Type_2_Diabetes_Mellitus.jpg\/330px-Type_2_Diabetes_Mellitus.jpg 1.5x, \/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/5d\/Type_2_Diabetes_Mellitus.jpg\/440px-Type_2_Diabetes_Mellitus.jpg 2x\" alt=\"\" width=\"442\" height=\"249\" data-file-width=\"1920\" data-file-height=\"1080\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<p>Reduced insulin secretion and absorption lead to high glucose content in the blood.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Type 2 diabetes is characterized by\u00a0insulin resistance, which may be combined with relatively reduced insulin secretion.\u00a0The defective responsiveness of body tissues to insulin is believed to involve the\u00a0insulin receptor. However, specific defects are not known. Diabetes mellitus cases due to a known defect are classified separately. Type 2 diabetes is the most common type of diabetes mellitus.\u00a0Many people with type 2 diabetes have evidence of\u00a0prediabetes (impaired fasting glucose and\/or impaired glucose tolerance) before meeting the criteria for type 2 diabetes.\u00a0The progression of prediabetes to overt type 2 diabetes can be slowed or reversed by lifestyle changes or\u00a0medications\u00a0that improve insulin sensitivity or reduce the\u00a0liver&#8217;s glucose production.<\/p>\n<p>Type 2 diabetes is primarily due to lifestyle factors and genetics. Several lifestyle factors are known to be important to the development of type 2 diabetes, including obesity\u00a0(defined by a\u00a0body mass index\u00a0of greater than 30), lack of\u00a0physical activity, poor\u00a0diet,\u00a0stress, and\u00a0urbanization. Excess body fat is associated with 30% of cases in people of Chinese and Japanese descent, 60\u201380% of cases in those of European and African descent, and 100% of Pima Indians and Pacific Islanders.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Green2011_12-4\" class=\"reference\">]<\/sup>\u00a0Even those who are not obese may have a high\u00a0waist-hip ratio.<\/p>\n<p>Dietary factors such as\u00a0sugar-sweetened drinks is associated with an increased risk.\u00a0The type of\u00a0fats\u00a0in the diet is also important, with\u00a0saturated fat\u00a0and\u00a0trans fats\u00a0increasing the risk and\u00a0polyunsaturated\u00a0and\u00a0monounsaturated fat\u00a0decreasing the risk.\u00a0Eating\u00a0white rice\u00a0excessively may increase the risk of diabetes, especially in Chinese and Japanese people.\u00a0Lack of physical activity may increase the risk of diabetes in some people.<\/p>\n<p>Adverse childhood experiences\u00a0(ACEs), including abuse, neglect, and household difficulties, increase the likelihood of type 2 diabetes later in life by 32%, with\u00a0<a title=\"Neglect\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Neglect\">neglect<\/a>\u00a0having the strongest effect.<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Gestational_diabetes\" class=\"mw-headline\">Gestational diabetes<\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"hatnote navigation-not-searchable\" role=\"note\">Main article:\u00a0<a title=\"Gestational diabetes\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gestational_diabetes\">Gestational diabetes<\/a><\/div>\n<p>Gestational diabetes resembles type 2 diabetes in several respects, involving a combination of relatively inadequate insulin secretion and responsiveness. It <img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cdn.pixabay.com\/photo\/2017\/08\/01\/23\/22\/pregnant-2568594__340.jpg?resize=409%2C273&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Pregnant, Woman, Maternity, Motherhood\" width=\"409\" height=\"273\" \/>occurs in about 2\u201310% of all\u00a0pregnancies and may improve or disappear after delivery.<sup id=\"cite_ref-NDIC_Stats_58-0\" class=\"reference\">]<\/sup> It is recommended that all pregnant women get tested starting around 24\u201328 weeks gestation.\u00a0It is most often diagnosed in the second or third trimester because of the increase in insulin-antagonist hormone levels that occurs at this time. However, after pregnancy approximately 5\u201310% of women with gestational diabetes are found to have another form of diabetes, most commonly type 2. Gestational diabetes is fully treatable but requires careful medical supervision throughout the pregnancy. Management may include dietary changes, blood glucose monitoring, and in some cases, insulin may be required<\/p>\n<p>Though it may be transient, untreated gestational diabetes can damage the health of the fetus or mother. Risks to the baby include\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Macrosomia\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Macrosomia\">macrosomia<\/a> (high <img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cdn.pixabay.com\/photo\/2014\/07\/28\/11\/18\/scale-403585__340.jpg?w=640&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Scale, Diet, Fat, Health, Tape, Weight\" \/>),\u00a0congenital heart\u00a0and\u00a0central nervous system\u00a0abnormalities, and\u00a0skeletal muscle\u00a0malformations. Increased levels of insulin in a fetus&#8217;s blood may inhibit fetal\u00a0surfactant\u00a0production and cause\u00a0infant respiratory distress syndrome. A\u00a0high blood bilirubin level\u00a0may result from\u00a0red blood cell destruction. In severe cases, perinatal death may occur, most commonly as a result of poor placental perfusion due to vascular impairment.\u00a0Labor induction\u00a0may be indicated with decreased placental function. A\u00a0cesarean section\u00a0may be performed if there is marked\u00a0fetal distress\u00a0or an increased risk of injury associated with macrosomia, such as\u00a0shoulder dystocia.Keywords: diabetes, glucose, disease, insulin<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Other_types\" class=\"mw-headline\">Other types<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Maturity onset diabetes of the young\u00a0(MODY) is a rare\u00a0autosomal dominant\u00a0inherited form of diabetes, due to one of several single-gene mutations causing defects in insulin production. It is significantly less common than the three main types, constituting 1-2% of all cases. The name of this disease refers to early hypotheses as to its nature. Being due to a defective gene, this disease varies in age at presentation and in severity according to the specific gene defect; thus there are at least 13 subtypes of MODY. People with MODY often can control it without using insulin. Keywords: diabetes, glucose, disease, insulin<\/p>\n<p>Some cases of diabetes are caused by the body&#8217;s tissue receptors not responding to insulin (even when insulin levels are normal, which is what separates it from type\u00a02 diabetes); this form is very uncommon. Genetic mutations (autosomal\u00a0or\u00a0mitochondrial) can lead to defects in beta cell function. Abnormal insulin action may also have been genetically determined in some cases. Any disease that causes extensive damage to the pancreas may lead to diabetes (for example,\u00a0chronic pancreatitis\u00a0and\u00a0cystic fibrosis). Diseases associated with excessive secretion of\u00a0<a title=\"Insulin receptor\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Insulin_receptor\">insulin-<\/a>antagonistic\u00a0hormones\u00a0can cause diabetes (which is typically resolved once the hormone excess is removed). Many drugs impair insulin secretion and some toxins damage pancreatic beta cells, whereas others increase\u00a0insulin resistance\u00a0(especially\u00a0glucocorticoids\u00a0which can provoke &#8220;steroid diabetes&#8221;). The\u00a0ICD-10\u00a0(1992) diagnostic entity,\u00a0<i>malnutrition-related diabetes mellitus<\/i>\u00a0(MRDM or MMDM, ICD-10 code E12), was deprecated by the\u00a0World Health Organization\u00a0(WHO) when the current taxonomy was introduced in 1999.<\/p>\n<p>The following is a list of disorders that may increase the risk of diabetes:<\/p>\n<div>\n<table class=\"multicol\" role=\"presentation\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>Genetic defects of \u03b2-cell function\n<ul>\n<li>Maturity onset diabetes of the young<\/li>\n<li>Mitochondrial DNA mutations<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Genetic defects in insulin processing or insulin action\n<ul>\n<li>Defects in\u00a0proinsulin\u00a0conversion<\/li>\n<li>Insulin gene mutations<\/li>\n<li>Insulin receptor mutations<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Exocrine pancreatic defects\n<ul>\n<li>Chronic pancreatitis<\/li>\n<li>Pancreatectomy<\/li>\n<li>Pancreatic neoplasia<\/li>\n<li>Cystic fibrosis<\/li>\n<li>Hemochromatosis<\/li>\n<li>Fibrocalculous pancreatopathy<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>Endocrinopathies\n<ul>\n<li><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Infections\n<ul>\n<li>Cytomegalovirus infection<\/li>\n<li>Coxsackievirus B<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Drugs\n<ul>\n<li>Glucocorticoids<\/li>\n<li>Thyroid hormone<\/li>\n<li>\u03b2-adrenergic agonists<\/li>\n<li>Statins<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Growth hormone excess (acromegaly)<\/li>\n<li>Cushing syndrome<\/li>\n<li>Hyperthyroidism<\/li>\n<li>Hypothyroidism<\/li>\n<li>Pheochromocytoma<\/li>\n<li>Glucagonoma<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h2><span id=\"Pathophysiology\" class=\"mw-headline\">Pathophysiology<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/4d\/Suckale08_fig3_glucose_insulin_day.png\/310px-Suckale08_fig3_glucose_insulin_day.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/4d\/Suckale08_fig3_glucose_insulin_day.png\/465px-Suckale08_fig3_glucose_insulin_day.png 1.5x, \/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/4d\/Suckale08_fig3_glucose_insulin_day.png\/620px-Suckale08_fig3_glucose_insulin_day.png 2x\" alt=\"\" width=\"310\" height=\"233\" data-file-width=\"800\" data-file-height=\"600\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><\/div>\n<p>The fluctuation of\u00a0blood sugar\u00a0(red) and the sugar-lowering hormone\u00a0insulin\u00a0(blue) in humans during the course of a day with three meals. One of the effects of a\u00a0sugar-rich vs a\u00a0starch-rich meal is highlighted.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<p><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Glucose-insulin-release.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/05\/Glucose-insulin-release.svg\/310px-Glucose-insulin-release.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/05\/Glucose-insulin-release.svg\/465px-Glucose-insulin-release.svg.png 1.5x, \/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/05\/Glucose-insulin-release.svg\/620px-Glucose-insulin-release.svg.png 2x\" alt=\"\" width=\"515\" height=\"332\" data-file-width=\"900\" data-file-height=\"580\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><\/div>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/2986528\/#:~:text=Insulin%20initiates%20its%20action%20by,%2C%20tyrosine%2Dspecific%20protein%20kinase.\">Mechanism of insulin<\/a> release in normal pancreatic\u00a0<a title=\"Beta cell\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beta_cell\">beta cells<\/a>. Insulin production is more or less <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beta_cell\">constant within the beta cells<\/a>. Its release is triggered by food, chiefly food containing absorbable glucose.<\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 344px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cdn.pixabay.com\/photo\/2015\/05\/21\/11\/17\/diabetes-777002_960_720.jpg?resize=344%2C229&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Diabetes, Blood, Finger, Glucose, Diabetic, Test, Meter\" width=\"344\" height=\"229\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">absorbable glucose<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><a title=\"Insulin\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Insulin\">Insulin<\/a>\u00a0is the principal hormone that regulates the uptake of\u00a0<a title=\"Glucose\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Glucose\">glucose<\/a> from the blood into most cells of the body, especially the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC1204764\/\">liver, adipose tissue<\/a>, and muscle, except smooth muscle, in which insulin acts via the IGF-1. Therefore, deficiency of insulin or the insensitivity of its\u00a0receptors plays a central role in all forms of diabetes mellitus.<\/p>\n<p>The body obtains glucose from three main sources: the intestinal absorption of food; the breakdown of\u00a0glycogen\u00a0(glycogenolysis), the storage form of glucose found in the liver; and\u00a0gluconeogenesis, the generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate substrates in the body.\u00a0Insulin plays a critical role in regulating glucose levels in the body. Insulin can inhibit the breakdown of glycogen or the process of gluconeogenesis, it can stimulate the transport of glucose into fat and muscle cells, and it can stimulate the storage of glucose in the form of glycogen.Keywords: diabetes, glucose, disease, insulin<\/p>\n<p><strong>Insulin is released into the blood by beta cells (\u03b2-cells),<\/strong>found in the\u00a0islets of Langerhans\u00a0in the pancreas, in response to rising levels of blood glucose, typically after eating. Insulin is used by about two-thirds of the body&#8217;s<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Insulin\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cdn.pixabay.com\/photo\/2017\/05\/13\/22\/28\/blood-pressure-2310824_960_720.jpg?resize=431%2C286&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Blood Pressure, Pressure Gauge, Medical, The Test\" width=\"431\" height=\"286\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Insulin\">cells<\/a> to absorb glucose from the blood for use as fuel, for conversion to other needed molecules, or for storage. Lower glucose levels result in decreased insulin release from the beta cells and in the breakdown of glycogen to glucose. This process is mainly controlled by the hormone\u00a0glucagon, which acts in the opposite manner to insulin. Keywords: diabetes, glucose, disease, insulin<\/p>\n<p>If the amount of insulin available is insufficient, or if cells respond poorly to the effects of insulin (insulin resistance), or if the insulin itself is defective, then glucose is not absorbed properly by the body cells that require it and is not stored appropriately in the liver and muscles. The net effect is persistently high levels of blood glucose, poor protein synthesis, and other metabolic derangements, such as metabolic\u00a0acidosis\u00a0in cases of complete insulin deficiency.<\/p>\n<p>When the glucose concentration in the blood remains high over time, the kidneys\u00a0reach a threshold of\u00a0reabsorption, and the body excretes glucose in the\u00a0urine\u00a0(glycosuria).\u00a0This increases the\u00a0osmotic pressure\u00a0of the urine and inhibits reabsorption of water by the kidney, resulting in increased urine production (polyuria) and increased fluid loss. Lost blood volume is replaced osmotically from water in body cells and other body compartments, causing\u00a0dehydration\u00a0and increased thirst (polydipsia).\u00a0In addition, intracellular glucose deficiency stimulates appetite leading to excessive food intake (polyphagia).<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Diagnosis\" class=\"mw-headline\">Diagnosis<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"hatnote navigation-not-searchable\" role=\"note\">Glycated hemoglobin\u00a0and\u00a0Glucose tolerance test<\/div>\n<table class=\"wikitable\">\n<caption>WHO Diagnostic Criteria<\/caption>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Condition<\/th>\n<th colspan=\"2\">2-hour glucose<\/th>\n<th colspan=\"2\">Fasting glucose<\/th>\n<th colspan=\"2\">HbA<sub>1c<\/sub><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><i>Unit<\/i><\/td>\n<td><i>mmol\/L<\/i><\/td>\n<td><i>mg\/dL<\/i><\/td>\n<td><i>mmol\/L<\/i><\/td>\n<td><i>mg\/dL<\/i><\/td>\n<td><i>mmol\/mol<\/i><\/td>\n<td><i>DCCT\u00a0%<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"34%\">Normal<\/td>\n<td>&lt; 7.8<\/td>\n<td>&lt; 140<\/td>\n<td>&lt; 6.1<\/td>\n<td>&lt; 110<\/td>\n<td>&lt; 42<\/td>\n<td>&lt; 6.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Impaired fasting glycaemia<\/td>\n<td>&lt; 7.8<\/td>\n<td>&lt; 140<\/td>\n<td>6.1\u20137.0<\/td>\n<td>110\u2013126<\/td>\n<td>42\u201346<\/td>\n<td>6.0\u20136.4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Impaired glucose tolerance<\/td>\n<td>\u2265 7.8<\/td>\n<td>\u2265 140<\/td>\n<td>&lt; 7.0<\/td>\n<td>&lt; 126<\/td>\n<td>42\u201346<\/td>\n<td>6.0\u20136.4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Diabetes mellitus<\/td>\n<td>\u2265 11.1<\/td>\n<td>\u2265 200<\/td>\n<td>\u2265 7.0<\/td>\n<td>\u2265 126<\/td>\n<td>\u2265 48<\/td>\n<td>\u2265 6.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Diabetes mellitus is characterized by recurrent or persistent high blood sugar, and is diagnosed by demonstrating any one of the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Fasting plasma glucose level\u00a0\u2265\u00a07.0\u00a0mmol\/L (126\u00a0mg\/dL)<\/li>\n<li>Plasma glucose \u2265\u00a011.1\u00a0mmol\/L (200\u00a0mg\/dL) two hours after a 75-gram oral glucose load as in a\u00a0glucose tolerance test\u00a0(OGTT)<\/li>\n<li>Symptoms of high blood sugar and casual plasma glucose \u2265\u00a011.1\u00a0mmol\/L (200\u00a0mg\/dL)<\/li>\n<li>Glycated hemoglobin\u00a0(HbA<sub>1C<\/sub>) \u2265\u00a048\u00a0mmol\/mol (\u2265\u00a06.5\u00a0DCC<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Diabetes control and complications trial\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diabetes_control_and_complications_trial\">T<\/a>\u00a0%).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 422px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/images.pexels.com\/photos\/7653093\/pexels-photo-7653093.jpeg?resize=422%2C281&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Free stock photo of achievement, balance, blood sugar\" width=\"422\" height=\"281\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">HIGH BLOOD GLUCOSE<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>A positive result, in the absence of unequivocal high blood sugar, should be confirmed by a repeat of any of the above methods on a different day. It is preferable to measure a fasting glucose level because of the ease of measurement and the considerable time commitment of formal glucose tolerance testing, which takes two hours to complete and offers no prognostic advantage over the fasting test. According to the current definition, two fasting glucose measurements above 7.0 mmol\/L (126 mg\/dL) is considered diagnostic for diabetes mellitus.Keywords: diabetes, glucose, disease, insulin<\/p>\n<p>Per the WHO, people with fasting glucose levels from 6.1 to 6.9\u00a0mmol\/L (110 to 125\u00a0mg\/dL) are considered to have\u00a0impaired fasting glucose. For people with plasma glucose at or above 7.8 mmol\/L (140 mg\/dL), but not over 11.1 mmol\/L (200 mg\/dL), two hours after a 75-gram oral glucose load is considered to have\u00a0impaired glucose tolerance. Of these two prediabetic states, the latter in particular is a major risk factor for progression to full-blown<\/p>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cdn.pixabay.com\/photo\/2014\/09\/21\/15\/37\/gym-455164_960_720.jpg?resize=423%2C292&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Gym, Exercise, Fitness, Workout, Training, Health\" width=\"423\" height=\"292\" \/><\/p>\n<p>diabetes mellitus, as well as cardiovascular disease.\u00a0The\u00a0American Diabetes Association\u00a0(ADA) since 2003 uses a slightly different range for impaired fasting glucose of 5.6 to 6.9\u00a0mmol\/L (100 to 125\u00a0mg\/dL).<\/p>\n<p>Glycated hemoglobin\u00a0is better than\u00a0fasting glucose for determining the risks of cardiovascular disease and death from any cause. Keywords: diabetes, glucose, disease, insulin<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Prevention\" class=\"mw-headline\">Prevention<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"hatnote navigation-not-searchable\" role=\"note\">See also:\u00a0Prevention of type 2 diabetes<\/div>\n<p>There is no known\u00a0preventive measure for type\u00a01 diabetes.\u00a0Type\u00a02 diabetes\u2014which accounts for 85\u201390% of all cases worldwide\u2014can often be prevented or delayed by maintaining\u00a0normal body weight, engaging in physical activity, and eating a healthy diet.<\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 374px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cdn.pixabay.com\/photo\/2016\/03\/05\/19\/02\/vegetables-1238252__340.jpg?resize=374%2C249&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Vegetables, Produce, Healthy, Broccoli\" width=\"374\" height=\"249\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">HEALTHY DIET<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Higher levels of physical activity (more than 90 minutes per day) <a href=\"https:\/\/care.diabetesjournals.org\/content\/39\/11\/2065\">r<\/a>educe the risk of diabetes by 28%.\u00a0Dietary changes known to be effective in helping to prevent diabetes include maintaining a diet rich in\u00a0whole grains\u00a0and\u00a0fiber\u00a0and choosing good fats, such as the\u00a0polyunsaturated fats\u00a0found in nuts, vegetable oils, and fish.\u00a0Limiting sugary beverages and eating less red meat and other sources of\u00a0saturated fat\u00a0can also help prevent diabetes.\u00a0Tobacco smoking is also associated with an increased risk of diabetes and its complications,<\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 428px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cdn.pixabay.com\/photo\/2016\/09\/03\/17\/25\/cigarette-1642232_960_720.jpg?resize=428%2C328&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Cigarette, Stack, Ash, Smoking, Tobacco, Nicotine, Pile\" width=\"428\" height=\"328\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">TOBACCO<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>so\u00a0<a title=\"Smoking cessation\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Smoking_cessation\">smoking cessation<\/a>\u00a0can be an important preventive measure as well.<\/p>\n<p>The relationship between type 2 diabetes and the main modifiable risk factors (excess weight, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, and tobacco use) is similar in all regions of the world. There is growing evidence that the underlying determinants of diabetes are a reflection of the major forces driving social, economic, and cultural change: <a title=\"Globalization\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Globalization\">globalization<\/a>, urbanization, population aging, and the general\u00a0<a title=\"Health policy\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Health_policy\">health policy<\/a>\u00a0environment.<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Management\" class=\"mw-headline\">Management<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"hatnote navigation-not-searchable\" role=\"note\"><a title=\"Diabetes management\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diabetes_management\">Diabetes management<\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<div id=\"mwe_player_0\" class=\"PopUpMediaTransform\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin: 0px auto; width: 220px;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/c4\/ABCs_of_Diabetes.webm\/220px--ABCs_of_Diabetes.webm.jpg\" alt=\"File:ABCs of Diabetes.webm\" \/><\/div>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><\/div>\n<h2>Overview of the management of diabetes<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Diabetes management concentrates on keeping blood sugar levels as close to normal, without causing low blood sugar. This can usually be accomplished with dietary changes, exercise, weight loss, and the use of appropriate medications (insulin, oral medications).<\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 386px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cdn.pixabay.com\/photo\/2015\/05\/26\/00\/48\/basketball-784097__340.jpg?resize=386%2C257&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"man playing basketball\" width=\"386\" height=\"257\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">weight loss<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Learning about the disease and actively participating in the treatment is important since complications are far less common and less severe in people who have well-managed blood sugar levels.<sup id=\"cite_ref-85\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diabetes#cite_note-85\">]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0Per the\u00a0American College of Physicians, the goal of treatment is an HbA<sub>1C<\/sub> level of 7-8%\u00a0Attention is also paid to other health problems that may accelerate the negative effects of diabetes. These include\u00a0smoking,\u00a0high blood pressure,\u00a0metabolic syndrome\u00a0obesity, and lack of regular\u00a0exercise.\u00a0Specialized footwear is widely used to reduce the risk of ulcers in at-risk diabetic feet although evidence for the efficacy of this remains equivocal. Keywords: diabetes, glucose, disease, insulin<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Lifestyle\" class=\"mw-headline\">Lifestyle Modifications<\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"hatnote navigation-not-searchable\" role=\"note\">See also:\u00a0Diabetic diet<\/div>\n<div role=\"note\"><\/div>\n<p>People with diabetes can benefit from education about the disease and treatment, dietary changes, and exercise, with the goal of keeping both short-term and long-term blood glucose levels\u00a0within acceptable bounds. In addition, given the associated higher risks of cardiovascular disease, lifestyle modifications are recommended to control blood pressure.<\/p>\n<p><a title=\"Weight loss\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Weight_loss\">Weight loss<\/a>\u00a0can prevent progression from prediabetes to\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Diabetes mellitus\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diabetes_mellitus\">diabetes type 2<\/a>, decrease the <a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.co.in\/scholar?q=risk+of+cardiovascular+disease&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0&amp;as_vis=1&amp;oi=scholart\">risk of cardiovascular disease<\/a>, or result in a partial remission in people with diabetes.\u00a0No single dietary pattern is best for all people with <img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cdn.pixabay.com\/photo\/2015\/07\/15\/16\/05\/girl-846357__340.jpg?resize=400%2C267&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Girl, Eating, Watermelon, Eat\" width=\"400\" height=\"267\" \/>diabetes.\u00a0Healthy dietary patterns, such as the\u00a0Mediterranean diet,\u00a0low-carbohydrate diet, or\u00a0DASH diet, are often recommended, although evidence does not support one over the others.\u00a0According to the ADA, &#8220;reducing overall carbohydrate intake for individuals with diabetes has demonstrated the most evidence for improving glycemia&#8221;, and for individuals with type 2 diabetes who cannot meet the glycemic targets or where reducing anti-glycemic medications is a priority,\u00a0low or very-low-carbohydrate diets are a viable approach.<sup id=\"cite_ref-ADA2018_92-2\" class=\"reference\">]<\/sup> For overweight people with type 2 diabetes, any diet that achieves weight loss is effective. Keywords: diabetes, glucose, disease, insulin<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Medications\" class=\"mw-headline\">Medications for\u00a0<\/span><span id=\"Glucose_control\" class=\"mw-headline\">Glucose control<\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"hatnote navigation-not-searchable\" role=\"note\">See also:\u00a0Anti-diabetic medication<\/div>\n<p>Most medications used to treat diabetes act by lowering\u00a0blood sugar levels through different mechanisms. There is a broad consensus that when people with diabetes maintain tight glucose control \u2013 keeping the glucose levels in their blood within normal ranges \u2013 they experience fewer complications, such as\u00a0kidney problems\u00a0or\u00a0eye problems.\u00a0There is however debate as to whether this is appropriate and\u00a0cost-effective\u00a0for people later in life in whom the risk of hypoglycemia may be more significant.<\/p>\n<p>There are a number of different classes of anti-diabetic medications. Type\u00a01 diabetes requires treatment with\u00a0insulin, typically with a combination of regular and\u00a0NPH insulin, or synthetic\u00a0insulin analogs.\u00a0Type 2 diabetes may also be treated with insulin at later stages. Some medications for type 2 diabetes are taken by mouth, such as\u00a0<a title=\"Metformin\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Metformin\">metformin<\/a>, while others are only administered by injection, such as\u00a0GLP-1 agonists.<\/p>\n<p>Metformin\u00a0is generally recommended as a first-line treatment for type\u00a02 diabetes, as there is good evidence that it decreases mortality. It works by decreasing the liver&#8217;s production of glucose.\u00a0Several other groups of drugs, mostly given by mouth, may also decrease blood sugar in type 2 diabetes. These include agents that increase insulin release (sulfonylureas), agents that decrease absorption of sugar from the intestines (acarbose), agents that inhibit the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) that inactivates incretins such as GLP-1 and GIP (sitagliptin), agents that make the body more sensitive to insulin (a thiazolidinedione) and agents that increase the excretion of glucose in the urine (SGLT2 inhibitors). When insulin is used in type\u00a02 diabetes, a long-acting formulation is usually added initially, while continuing oral medications.\u00a0Doses of insulin are then increased until glucose targets are reached.<\/p>\n<h4><span id=\"Blood_pressure_lowering\" class=\"mw-headline\">Blood pressure-lowering\u00a0<\/span><\/h4>\n<figure style=\"width: 393px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cdn.pixabay.com\/photo\/2015\/10\/16\/02\/35\/unit-of-pressure-990462__340.jpg?resize=393%2C262&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Pressure Device, Meter, Blood Pressure\" width=\"393\" height=\"262\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">lowering blood pressure<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Cardiovascular disease\u00a0is a serious complication associated with diabetes, and many international guidelines recommend blood pressure treatment targets that are lower than 140\/90\u00a0mmHg for people with diabetes.\u00a0However, there is only limited evidence regarding what the lower targets should be. A 2016 systematic review found potential harm to treating to targets lower than 140 mmHg,\u00a0and a subsequent systematic review in 2019 found no evidence of additional benefit from blood pressure lowering to between 130 &#8211; 140mmHg, although there was an increased risk of adverse events.<\/p>\n<p>2015 American Diabetes Association recommendations are that people with diabetes and albuminuria should receive an inhibitor of the renin-angiotensin system to reduce the risks of progression to end-stage renal disease, cardiovascular events, and death.\u00a0There is some evidence that\u00a0angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors\u00a0(ACEIs) are superior to other inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system such as\u00a0angiotensin receptor blockers\u00a0(ARBs),\u00a0or\u00a0aliskiren\u00a0in preventing cardiovascular disease. Although a more recent review found similar effects of ACEIs and ARBs on major cardiovascular and renal outcomes.\u00a0There is no evidence that combining ACEIs and ARBs provides additional benefits.<\/p>\n<h4><span id=\"Aspirin\" class=\"mw-headline\">Aspirin<\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span id=\"Aspirin\" class=\"mw-headline\">Keywords: diabetes, glucose, disease, insulin<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>The use of\u00a0<a title=\"Aspirin\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aspirin\">aspirin<\/a>\u00a0to prevent cardiovascular disease in diabetes is controversial. Aspirin is recommended in people at high risk of cardiovascular disease, however routine use of aspirin has not been found to improve outcomes in uncomplicated diabetes.<sup id=\"cite_ref-107\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diabetes#cite_note-107\">]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a02015 American Diabetes Association <img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/images.pexels.com\/photos\/8670186\/pexels-photo-8670186.jpeg?resize=422%2C281&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Woman in Black Tank Top and Blue Denim Jeans\" width=\"422\" height=\"281\" \/>recommendations for aspirin use (based on expert consensus or clinical experience) are that low-dose aspirin use is reasonable in adults with diabetes who are at intermediate risk of cardiovascular disease (10-year cardiovascular disease risk, 5\u201310%).<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Surgery\" class=\"mw-headline\">Surgery<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Weight loss surgery\u00a0in those with\u00a0obesity\u00a0and type 2 diabetes is often an effective measure. Many are able to maintain normal blood sugar levels with little or no medications following surgery\u00a0and long-term mortality is decreased. There is, however, short-term mortality risk of less than 1% from the surgery. The\u00a0body mass index\u00a0cutoffs for when surgery is appropriate are not yet clear. It is recommended that this option be considered in those who are unable to get both their weight and blood sugar under control.<\/p>\n<p>A\u00a0pancreas transplant\u00a0is occasionally considered for people with type\u00a01 diabetes who have severe complications of their disease, including\u00a0end-stage kidney disease\u00a0requiring\u00a0kidney transplantation. Keywords: diabetes, glucose, disease, insulin<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Support\" class=\"mw-headline\">Support<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>In countries using a\u00a0general practitioner\u00a0system, such as the United Kingdom, care may take place mainly outside hospitals, with hospital-based specialist care used only in case of complications, difficult blood sugar control, or research projects. In other circumstances, general practitioners and specialists share care in a team approach. Home\u00a0telehealt<a title=\"Telehealth\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Telehealth\">h<\/a>\u00a0support can be an effective management technique.<\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"refbegin reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-3\">\n<div class=\"legend\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>In 2017, 425\u00a0million people had diabetes worldwide,\u00a0up from an estimated 382\u00a0million people in 2013 and from 108\u00a0million in 1980.\u00a0Accounting for the shifting age structure of the global population, the prevalence of diabetes is 8.8% among adults, nearly double the rate of 4.7% in 1980.\u00a0Type\u00a02 makes up about 90% of the cases.\u00a0Some data indicate rates are roughly equal in women and men, but male excess in diabetes has been found in many populations with higher type 2 incidence, possibly due to sex-related differences in insulin sensitivity, consequences of obesity, and regional body fat deposition, and other contributing factors such as high blood pressure, tobacco smoking, and alcohol intake.<\/p>\n<p>The WHO estimates that diabetes resulted in 1.5\u00a0million deaths in 2012, making it the 8th leading cause of death. However, another 2.2 million deaths worldwide were attributable to high blood glucose and the increased risks of cardiovascular disease and other associated complications (e.g. kidney failure), which often lead to premature death and are often listed as the underlying cause of death certificates rather than diabetes.\u00a0For example, in 2017, the\u00a0<a title=\"International Diabetes Federation\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Diabetes_Federation\">International Diabetes Federation<\/a> (IDF) <a href=\"https:\/\/www.idf.org\/\">https:\/\/www.idf.org\/<\/a>estimated that diabetes resulted in 4.0\u00a0million deaths worldwide,\u00a0using modeling to estimate the total number of deaths that could be directly or indirectly attributed to diabetes.<\/p>\n<p>Diabetes occurs throughout the world but is more common (especially type 2) in more developed countries. The greatest increase in rates has however been seen in low- and middle-income countries, where more than 80% of diabetic deaths occur.\u00a0The fastest prevalence increase is expected to occur in Asia and Africa, where most people with diabetes will probably live in 2030. The increase in rates in developing countries follows the trend of urbanization and lifestyle changes, including increasingly sedentary lifestyles, less physically demanding work, and the global nutrition transition, marked by increased intake of foods that are high energy-dense but nutrient-poor (often high in sugar and saturated fats, sometimes referred to as the &#8220;Western-style&#8221; diet).\u00a0The global number of diabetes cases might increase by 48% between 2017 and 2045.K<\/p>\n<p>ey words: diabetes, glucose, disease, insulin<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"History\" class=\"mw-headline\">History<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"hatnote navigation-not-searchable\" role=\"note\">Main article:\u00a0History of diabetes<\/div>\n<p>Diabetes was one of the first diseases described,\u00a0with an\u00a0Egyptian\u00a0manuscript from\u00a0<abbr title=\"circa\">c.<\/abbr>\u00a01500\u00a0BCE\u00a0mentioning &#8220;too great emptying of the urine.&#8221;\u00a0The\u00a0Ebers papyrus\u00a0includes a recommendation for a drink to take in such cases. The first described cases are believed to have been Type-1 diabetes.\u00a0Indian physicians around the same time identified the disease and classified it as\u00a0<i>madhumeha<\/i>\u00a0or &#8220;honey urine&#8221;, noting the urine would attract ants.<\/p>\n<p>The term &#8220;diabetes&#8221; or &#8220;to pass through&#8221; was first used in 230\u00a0BCE by the Greek\u00a0Apollonius of Memphis. The disease was considered rare during the time of the\u00a0Roman empire, with\u00a0Galen commenting he had only seen two cases during his career.\u00a0This is possibly due to the diet and lifestyle of the ancients, or because the clinical symptoms were observed during the advanced stage of the disease. Galen named the disease &#8220;diarrhea of the urine&#8221; (diarrhea urinosa).<\/p>\n<p>The earliest surviving work with a detailed reference to diabetes is that of\u00a0Aretaeus of Cappadocia\u00a0(2nd or early 3rdcentury CE). He described the symptoms and the course of the disease, which he attributed to the moisture and coldness, reflecting the beliefs of the &#8220;Pneumatic School&#8221;. He hypothesized a correlation between diabetes and other diseases, and he discussed differential diagnosis from the snakebite, which also provokes excessive thirst. His work remained unknown in the West until 1552 when the first Latin edition was published in Venice.<\/p>\n<p>Two types of diabetes were identified as separate conditions for the first time by the Indian physicians\u00a0Sushruta\u00a0and\u00a0Charaka\u00a0in 400\u2013500\u00a0CE with one type being associated with youth and another type with being overweight. The term &#8220;Mellitus&#8221; or &#8220;from honey&#8221; was added by the Briton John Rolle in the late 1700s to separate the condition from\u00a0diabetes insipidus, which is also associated with frequent urination.\u00a0Effective treatment was not developed until the early part of the 20th century when Canadians\u00a0Frederick Banting\u00a0and\u00a0Charles Herbert Best isolated and purified insulin in 1921 and 1922.\u00a0This was followed by the development of the long-acting insulin\u00a0NPH\u00a0in the 1940s.<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Etymology\" class=\"mw-headline\">Etymology<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The word\u00a0<i>diabetes<\/i>\u00a0(<span class=\"rt-commentedText nowrap\"><span class=\"IPA nopopups noexcerpt\">\/<span title=\"\/\u02cc\/: secondary stress follows\">\u02cc<\/span><span title=\"'d' in 'dye'\">d<\/span><span title=\"\/a\u026a\/: 'i' in 'tide'\">a\u026a<\/span><span title=\"\/.\/: syllable break\">.<\/span><span title=\"\/\u0259\/: 'a' in 'about'\">\u0259<\/span><span title=\"\/\u02c8\/: primary stress follows\">\u02c8<\/span><span title=\"'b' in 'buy'\">b<\/span><span title=\"\/i\u02d0\/: 'ee' in 'fleece'\">i\u02d0<\/span><span title=\"'t' in 'tie'\">t<\/span><span title=\"\/i\u02d0\/: 'ee' in 'fleece'\">i\u02d0<\/span><span title=\"'z' in 'zoom'\">z<\/span>\/<\/span><\/span>\u00a0or\u00a0<span class=\"rt-commentedText nowrap\"><span class=\"IPA nopopups noexcerpt\">\/<span title=\"\/\u02cc\/: secondary stress follows\">\u02cc<\/span><span title=\"'d' in 'dye'\">d<\/span><span title=\"\/a\u026a\/: 'i' in 'tide'\">a\u026a<\/span><span title=\"\/.\/: syllable break\">.<\/span><span title=\"\/\u0259\/: 'a' in 'about'\">\u0259<\/span><span title=\"\/\u02c8\/: primary stress follows\">\u02c8<\/span><span title=\"'b' in 'buy'\">b<\/span><span title=\"\/i\u02d0\/: 'ee' in 'fleece'\">i\u02d0<\/span><span title=\"'t' in 'tie'\">t<\/span><span title=\"\/\u026a\/: 'i' in 'kit'\">\u026a<\/span><span title=\"'s' in 'sigh'\">s<\/span>\/<\/span><\/span>) comes from\u00a0Latin\u00a0<i>diab\u0113t\u0113s<\/i>, which in turn comes from\u00a0Ancient Greek\u00a0\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b2\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 (<i>diab\u0113t\u0113s<\/i>), which literally means &#8220;a passer through; a\u00a0siphon&#8221;.\u00a0Ancient Greek\u00a0physician\u00a0Aretaeus of Cappadocia\u00a0(fl.\u00a01stcentury\u00a0CE) used that word, with the intended meaning &#8220;excessive discharge of urine&#8221;, as the name for the disease. Ultimately, the word comes from Greek \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd (<i>diabainein<\/i>), meaning &#8220;to pass through,&#8221;\u00a0which is composed of \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1- (<i>dia<\/i>-), meaning &#8220;through&#8221; and \u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd (<i>bainein<\/i>), meaning &#8220;to go&#8221;.\u00a0The word &#8220;diabetes&#8221; is first recorded in English, in the form\u00a0<i>diabete<\/i>, in a medical text written around 1425.<\/p>\n<p>Keywords: diabetes, glucose, disease, insulin<\/p>\n<p>The word\u00a0<i>Mellitus<\/i>\u00a0(<span class=\"rt-commentedText nowrap\"><span class=\"IPA nopopups noexcerpt\">\/<span title=\"'m' in 'my'\">m<\/span><span title=\"\/\u0259\/: 'a' in 'about'\">\u0259<\/span><span title=\"\/\u02c8\/: primary stress follows\">\u02c8<\/span><span title=\"'l' in 'lie'\">l<\/span><span title=\"\/a\u026a\/: 'i' in 'tide'\">a\u026a<\/span><span title=\"'t' in 'tie'\">t<\/span><span title=\"\/\u0259\/: 'a' in 'about'\">\u0259<\/span><span title=\"'s' in 'sigh'\">s<\/span>\/<\/span><\/span>\u00a0or\u00a0<span class=\"rt-commentedText nowrap\"><span class=\"IPA nopopups noexcerpt\">\/<span title=\"\/\u02c8\/: primary stress follows\">\u02c8<\/span><span title=\"'m' in 'my'\">m<\/span><span title=\"\/\u025b\/: 'e' in 'dress'\">\u025b<\/span><span title=\"'l' in 'lie'\">l<\/span><span title=\"\/\u026a\/: 'i' in 'kit'\">\u026a<\/span><span title=\"'t' in 'tie'\">t<\/span><span title=\"\/\u0259\/: 'a' in 'about'\">\u0259<\/span><span title=\"'s' in 'sigh'\">s<\/span>\/<\/span><\/span>) comes from the classical Latin word\u00a0<i>mell\u012btus<\/i>, meaning &#8220;mellite&#8221; (i.e. sweetened with honey; honey-sweet. The Latin word comes from\u00a0<i>mell<\/i>-, which comes from\u00a0<i>mel<\/i>, meaning &#8220;honey&#8221;; sweetness\u00a0pleasant thing,<sup id=\"cite_ref-MyEtymology_mellitus_130-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diabetes#cite_note-MyEtymology_mellitus-130\">[130]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0and the suffix &#8211;<i>\u012btus<\/i>, whose meaning is the same as that of the English suffix &#8220;-it&#8221;. It was\u00a0<a title=\"Thomas Willis\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thomas_Willis\">Thomas Willis<\/a> who in 1675 added: &#8220;Mellitus&#8221; to the word &#8220;diabetes&#8221; as a designation for the disease when he noticed the urine of a person with diabetes had a sweet taste (glycosuria). This sweet taste had been noticed in urine by the ancient Greeks, Chinese, Egyptians, Indians, and <a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Persian people\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Persian_people\">Persians<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Society_and_culture\" class=\"mw-headline\">Society and culture<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"hatnote navigation-not-searchable\" role=\"note\">Further information:\u00a0List of films featuring diabetes<\/div>\n<p>The 1989 &#8220;<a title=\"St. Vincent Declaration\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/St._Vincent_Declaration\">St. Vincent Declaration<\/a>&#8221; was the result of international efforts to improve the care accorded to those with diabetes. Doing so is important not only in terms of quality of life and life expectancy but also economically\u00a0\u2013 expenses due to diabetes have been shown to be a major drain on health\u00a0\u2013 and productivity-related resources for healthcare systems and governments.<\/p>\n<p>Several countries established more and less successful national diabetes programs to improve the treatment of the disease.<\/p>\n<p>People with diabetes who have neuropathic symptoms such as numbness or tingling in feet or hands are twice as likely to be\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Unemployed\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Unemployed\">unemployed<\/a>\u00a0as those without the symptoms.<\/p>\n<p>In 2010, diabetes-related emergency room (ER) visit rates in the United States were higher among people from the lowest income communities (526 per 10,000 population) than from the highest income communities (236 per 10,000 population). Approximately 9.4% of diabetes-related ER visits were for the uninsured.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"entry-title\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/diabetesstrong.com\/guide-to-managing-type-2-diabetes\/\">Guide to Managing Type 2 Diabetes<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"entry-meta\">By\u00a0<span class=\"entry-author\"><a class=\"entry-author-link\" href=\"https:\/\/diabetesstrong.com\/author\/christel-oerum\/\" rel=\"author\"><span class=\"entry-author-name\">Christel Oerum<\/span><\/a><\/span>\u00a0On\u00a0<time class=\"entry-time\">July 10, 2022<\/time><\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-parser-output\">\n<p>Keywords: diabetes, glucose, disease, insulin<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What is Diabetes? Diabetes is a diseasethat occurs when your blood glucose, also called blood&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":3775,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[17,19,21,1,875],"tags":[543],"class_list":["post-167","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-type-1-diabetes","category-type-2-diabetes","category-type-of-diabetese","category-uncategorized","category-women-health","tag-diabetes"],"aioseo_notices":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.diabetesasia.org\/magazine\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/DD.jpg?fit=960%2C638&ssl=1","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.diabetesasia.org\/magazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/167","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.diabetesasia.org\/magazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.diabetesasia.org\/magazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.diabetesasia.org\/magazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.diabetesasia.org\/magazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=167"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/www.diabetesasia.org\/magazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/167\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9193,"href":"https:\/\/www.diabetesasia.org\/magazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/167\/revisions\/9193"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.diabetesasia.org\/magazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3775"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.diabetesasia.org\/magazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=167"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.diabetesasia.org\/magazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=167"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.diabetesasia.org\/magazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=167"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}