{"id":9812,"date":"2026-06-15T15:05:09","date_gmt":"2026-06-15T09:35:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.diabetesasia.org\/magazine\/?p=9812"},"modified":"2026-06-15T16:14:11","modified_gmt":"2026-06-15T10:44:11","slug":"milk-lactoferrin-and-bacterial-infections","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.diabetesasia.org\/magazine\/milk-lactoferrin-and-bacterial-infections\/","title":{"rendered":"Milk lactoferrin and bacterial infections"},"content":{"rendered":"

Milk lactoferrin and bacterial infections<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Milk<\/a><\/strong> lactoferrin<\/a><\/strong> is a multifunctional protein that helps bacterial<\/a> <\/strong>clearance. This glycoprotein is detected within the mammalian and farm animal milk, as camel milk containing the maximum quantity compared to different farm animal species. Probably the principal physiological characteristic of lactoferrin as an antibacterial agent is binding to the iron, additionally, interplay with distinct cell receptors, maybe an amazing cause for the antimicrobial<\/a><\/strong> activity.<\/p>\n

According to research, iron withholding ability of lactoferrin affects the activation of immune cells and inhibit biofilm formation of pathogenic<\/a> microorganism.<\/p>\n

Lactoferrin inhibits the increase of a few pathogenic traces in people and\/or animals which includes Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella dysenteriae, Listeria monocytogenes, Streptococcus spp., Vibrio cholera, Legionella pneumophila, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Bacillus stearothermophilus, and Bacillus subtilis. Due to the reality that camel milk has the best quantity of lactoferrin compared to different species, it could be a precious supply of lactoferrin that could lessen bacterial increase and save you bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation.<\/p>\n

Thus, camel milk lactoferrin is probably taken into consideration as an antimicrobial healing supplement.<\/p>\n

Regarding the growing resistance to antibiotics, it’s miles important to discover novel antimicrobial pills for bacterial diseases.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n

Lactoferrin works as an opsonin\u00a0to result in bacterial clearance.\u00a0In addition to iron, lactoferrin can bind different compounds, including\u00a0lipopolysaccharide, heparin,\u00a0glycosaminoglycans, DNA, or ions, which include Ga3+,\u00a0Mn3+, Cu2+, and Zn2+.\u00a0The principal physiological characteristic of lactoferrin as an antibacterial agent is binding to the iron and or sequestering iron as\u00a0an\u00a0important requirement for maximum bacterial pathogens.\u00a0Thus\u00a0the increase of a large variety of bacterial traces could be inhibited (Jensen and Hancock, 2009).
\nThe bacteriostatic characteristic of lactoferrin is due to its ability to bind the Fe3+\u00a0ion and prevent the Fe3+ ion for\u00a0microorganisms, which increases their virulence on the contamination web page, motility, and biofilm formation of pathogenic microorganisms could be inhibited (Gonzalez-Chavez et al., 2009). Lactoferrin has bactericidal activity because of a few motives, including the direct interaction with the lipopolysaccharides LPS of bacterial surfaces, damaging the membrane of Gram-negative microorganisms,<\/p>\n

DNA<\/p>\n

complements\u00a0lysozyme\u00a0motion and antibiotics pills (Gonzalez-Chavez et al., 2009). Lactoferrin\u00a0consequences towards Gram-positive microorganisms\u00a0are binding to anionic molecules, including\u00a0lipoteichoic acid, and preventing the attachment of that microorganism to the host mobile surfaces (Queiroz\u00a0et al., 2013).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The impact of lactoferrin on pathogenic microorganisms<\/strong><\/p>\n

The antibacterial hobby is the primary organic characteristic of lactoferrin in the host pre-immune protection system. The\u00a0lactoferrins were proved to inhibit the increase of a few pathogenic traces in humans and\/or animals, which include Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium,\u00a0Shigella\u00a0dysenteriae,<\/p>\n

Listeria\u00a0monocytogenes, Streptococcusspp.,\u00a0Vibrio\u00a0cholera,\u00a0Legionella\u00a0pneumophila,\u00a0Klebsiella\u00a0pneumonia,\u00a0Enterococcus\u00a0spp., Staphylococcus\u00a0spp., Bacillus\u00a0stereo\u00a0thermophilus,\u00a0and Bacillus\u00a0subtilis\u00a0(Valenti and\u00a0Antonini, 2005).<\/p>\n

The bacteriostatic hobby of lactoferrin<\/strong><\/p>\n

All\u00a0microorganisms require iron for their growth,\u00a0and their virulence is associated with iron availability. Iron difficulty in mucosal secretions, as the first protection line towards\u00a0microorganisms, hinders bacterial increase. The lactoferrin observed in secretions is sort of iron unbound or \u2018apo-Lf\u2019 shape,\u00a0and\u00a0it tightly\u00a0binds\u00a0iron Fe3+,\u00a0with an affinity and balance a good deal better than\u00a0transferrin\u00a0(Valenti and\u00a0Antonini, 2005). According to\u00a0research,\u00a0iron sequestration through\u00a0apo-Lf can successfully inhibit the increase of many bacterial species because of iron deprivation, and maybe completely (Berlutti\u00a0et al., 2011) recovered after iron supplementation. In addition, maximum pathogenic\u00a0microorganisms\u00a0can gather iron via fundamental ways: mystery small iron\u00a0chelators\u00a0or obtaining iron at once from\u00a0transferrin\u00a0and lactoferrin (Orsi, 2004).<\/p>\n

\"lactoferrin\"<\/p>\n

A bactericidal hobby of lactoferrin<\/strong><\/p>\n

A bactericidal hobby of human lactoferrin is wonderful from its iron-withholding hobby. Direct binding of lactoferrin to the\u00a0microorganism\u00a0is\u00a0even though the excessive advantageous fees of the lactoferrin molecule and might without difficulty result in non-specific binding of lactoferrin to both the microorganism\u00a0or hosts (Valenti and\u00a0Antonini, 2005). The molecular mechanisms of this bactericidal hobby of lactoferrin seem to be pretty comparable for each Gram-positive and advantageous microorganism\u00a0through the bacterial membranes. The advantageous vicinity of lactoferrin binds to the lipid A of LPS molecules at the outer membrane of bacterial species. Also, miles proved that lactoferrin could bind Ca2+, liberating excessive quantities of LPS from Gram-negative microorganisms in the absence of direct touch with the microorganism\u00a0(Superti\u00a0et al., 2008).<\/p>\n

Influence of lactoferrin on biofilm formation<\/strong><\/p>\n

The adhesion, colonizing, and biofilm formation of microbes on host mobile surfaces is a key step in improving and staying the power of infections. Also, the excessive resistance of microbial biofilm to herbal protection mechanisms and antibiotics desires to locate compounds that prevent bacterial adhesion. A massive\u00a0wide variety of Gram-advantageous and poor\u00a0microorganisms\u00a0own particular\u00a0adhesins\u00a0that result in their adhesion to epithelial cells of the host (Valenti and\u00a0Antonini, 2005).<\/p>\n

Different consequences of lactoferrin on bacterial aggregation and biofilm formation were\u00a0located\u00a0concerning breathing and oral infections. The formation of biofilm is a totally crucial step\u00a0withinside\u00a0the colonization of the host (Berlutti\u00a0et al., 2011).<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n

Lactoferrin can lessen bacterial increase and inhibit bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation; thus, it is probably considered an antimicrobial healing agent. Lactoferrin can bind iron and preclude this nutrient for\u00a0microorganisms on the contamination web page and inhibit the growth of those microorganisms, in addition to the expression of\u00a0their virulence factors.<\/p>\n

Regarding the growing resistance to antibiotics, it’s miles important to discover novel nutraceutical dietary supplements for bacterial diseases.<\/strong><\/p>\n

References<\/strong><\/p>\n

Berlutti, F., Pantanella, F.,\u00a0Natalizi, T.,\u00a0Frioni, A., Paesano, R., Polimeni, A., & Valenti, P. (2011). Antiviral properties of lactoferrin\u2014a herbal immunity molecule. Molecules, 16, 6992-7018.
\nGonzalez-Chavez, S.A., Arevalo-Gallegos, S., & Quintin Rascon-Cruz. (2009). Lactoferrin: structure, characteristic, and applications. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 33, 301-308.
\nJenssen, H., & Hancock. R. E. W. (2009). Antimicrobial properties of lactoferrin. Biochimie, 91, 19-29.
\nOrsi, N. (2004). The antimicrobial hobby of lactoferrin: Current popularity and perspectives. Biometals, 17, 189-196.
\nQueiroz, V. A. O., Assis, A. M. O., & J\u00fanior, H. C. R. (2013). Protective impact of human lactoferrin within the gastrointestinal tract. Revista Paulista de Pediatria, 31, 90-95.
\nSuperti, F.; Berlutti, F.; Paesano, R.; & Valenti, P. (2008). Structure and hobby of lactoferrin\u2014A multi-purposeful defensive agent for human health. In Iron Metabolism and Disease; Fuchs, H., Ed.; Research Signpost: Kerala, India, 1-32.
\nValenti, P. & Antonini, G. (2005). Lactoferrin: a crucial host defense towards microbial and viral attack. Cell Mol Life Sci, 62, 2576-87.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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